Sephardic Jews Feel Bigotry’s Sting in Turkey and a Pull Back to Spain - NYTimes.com

Sephardic Jews Feel Bigotry’s Sting in Turkey and a Pull Back to Spain - NYTimes.com


The Spanish Empire:
Sephardic Jews Feel Bigotry’s Sting in Turkey and a Pull Back to Spain

By CEYLAN YEGINSUMAY 26, 2015

ISTANBUL — For Rafi, a local newspaper’s anti-Semitic crossword puzzle was the final affront. He knew he had to leave Turkey.

“There
are many reasons to leave: a lack of work opportunities, growing polarization within society and oppressive leadership. But the hatred toward our community has been the tipping point for me,” said Rafi, 25, a
graphic designer based in Istanbul, who provided only his first nameout of fear of harassment by Turkish nationalists. “There is no future here.”

Rafi is one of thousands of Sephardic Jews in Turkey who trace their ancestry to Spain and are now applying for Spanish citizenship in anticipation of a parliamentary bill expected to pass this month in Madrid that would grant nationality to the Jews who were expelled in 1492, during the Inquisition. 

See also: World Briefing: Spain: Citizenship Plan for Sephardic JewsJUNE 6, 2014

Most are seeking visa-free travel within Europe and an opportunity to escape what they see as rising anti-Semitism in Turkey. But many are taken with the idea of reversing the trek their ancestors took centuries ago as they escaped persecution in Spain and settled in the more tolerant environs of the Ottoman Empire.

 

Anti-Jewish sentiment is not uncommon in the Turkish news media, but the implications of the crossword puzzle sent shock waves across Turkey. It featured an image of Adolf Hitler with the slogan, “We are longing for you.”

“Jews are attacked all over the world, but last year the level of hate speech in Turkey reached an unnerving level,” Rafi said.

During the 15th century, about half a million Sephardic Jews sought the safety of the Ottoman Empire, and they prospered there under the rule of Sultan Bayezid II.

“The Jews were not just permitted to settle in the Ottoman lands, but were encouraged, assisted and sometimes even compelled,” the British-American historian Bernard Lewis wrote in his book “The Jews of Islam.”

But since the beginning of the 20th century and the founding of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Turkey’s Jewish population has been in sharp decline. A discriminatory wealth tax in the 1940s introduced by a
secularist government, along with the establishment of the state ofIsrael, reduced the number of Jewish residents by tens of thousands.

Those who stayed faced pressure to assimilate, and Turkish quickly replacedLadino, the Judeo-Spanish language of Sephardic Jews. Today, only a small portion of older Sephardic Jews speak the language of their
forebears.

“My grandmother would sing me Ladino lullabies, but I can only remember a few words,” Rafi said. “Our generation is focusing on learning modern Spanish for Spanish citizenship.”

Over the past decade, under the government of the Islamist-rooted Justiceand Development Party, and pressured by a string of deadly terrorist attacks on synagogues and a surge in anti-Semitism, the Jewish population — the vast majority of whom are Sephardic — has shrunk to 17,000 from 19,500 in 2005, according to figures obtained from the chief rabbinate in Istanbul.

Although Jews have felt increasingly uneasy over the past two years, Selin Nasi, a columnist for Salom, a Jewish weekly, acknowledged that Turkey had taken some positive symbolic steps to improve relations with Jews.

The Turkish government spent $2.5 million on a project to restore the Great Synagogue of Edirne and participated in the United Nations’ HolocaustDay for the first time this year.

“These steps are good, but we never see a continuation,” Ms. Nasi said. “It’s always one step forward, one step back, confusing rhetoric and inconsistent implementation that causes the community to beapprehensive.”

At a rally last year, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan asserted that he was the first Muslim leader to denounce anti-Semitism. He has, however, engaged in heated exchanges with the Israeli
leadership, primarily over Gaza. Some analysts say that those disputes,combined with his dissemination of conspiracy theories that often implicate Jews, have encouraged anti-Semitism.Apprehension among Jews in Istanbul rose in 2013, after Mr. Erdogan accused an “interest rate lobby” of backing widespread antigovernment protests that were supposedly meant to bring down the economy and topple his government.

“In Turkey, you could say anti-Semitism is marginalized, until you turn onthe TV and see the president and other politicians cursing Jews in public,” said Louis Fishman, an assistant professor at Brooklyn College who specializes in Turkish-Israeli affairs. “When you have public displays of hate speech from politicians, it changes the landscape considerably.”

According
to a poll conducted in July 2013 for the Anti-Defamation League, 69percent of Turks harbor anti-Semitic attitudes. During the war last summer between Israel and Palestinian militants in Gaza, pro-government news outlets in Turkey began a series of anti-Semitic social media campaigns that stoked anti-Jewish
sentiment.

After a Turkish singer posted “May God bless Hitler” on Twitter, MelihGokcek, the mayor of Turkey’s capital, Ankara, who has over 2.5 million followers, responded, “I applaud you,” and he encouraged others to chime in.

Many Turks put the blame for the rise in anti-Jewish feelings on the actions of the Israeli government, particularly the killing of civilians during the Gaza war. “If the Turkish Jewish community does not put an end to Israel’s actions, very bad things happen,” Bulent Yildirim, president of  the IHH Humanitarian Relief Foundation, wrote on Twitter.

But in the eyes of most of the Jews who were interviewed, that amounts to collective punishment. “When lashing out at Israel, the government condemns Jews without making a differentiation, which incites hatred
toward the community,” said Mert Levi, 26, a Sephardic Jew who left Turkey for a few months last summer because of the tensions he felt in Istanbul.

“It was so thick, you could have cut it with a knife,” he said. “It got so bad that in some circles, we had to think twice before giving our names.”

In
Bursa, the northwestern province where the first Sephardic Jews arrived by sea in the 16th century, only 65 Jews remain, most of them advanced in age. Over the decades, thousands of families have moved to Istanbul and Izmir, a southern city, to seek better work and education prospects.

The Jews of Bursa have never experienced anti-Semitism. “If anything, our community has been embraced and respected,” said Leon Ennekave, 70, the president of the Bursa Jewish Foundation.

“People here know us. They remember our heyday, when this street was lined with Jewish shops and restaurants, and it was called ‘Jewish Street.’ ”

Yet even in this province, Jews are concerned that given the high symbolic value of Bursa, mounting tensions in other parts of the country could result in copycat terrorist attacks here.

Two synagogues, the only visible remnants of the Sephardim left on Jewish Street today, have been heavily fortified.

One resident, Sara, said her grandfather was more cautious than Jews who had been subjected to anti-Semitism in Istanbul. “Sometimes when people point to the gate of the synagogue and ask what is behind it, he tells people it is a church so as not to draw attention to it,” said Sara, who gave only her first name.

The headquarters of the Jewish foundation is in a nondescript white building marked by a single Turkish flag. Inside, Mr. Ennekave sat opposite a large security screen, split to show 18 camera views, and he spoke in Ladino with a friend until a Turk entered the room. “Things have happened in the past, so we have to take precautions,” he said.

But Mr. Ennekave maintains that Bursa’s Jewish population has harmoniouslycoexisted with the Turks for centuries and has no reason for concern. “The only anti-Semitism we witness is what we see on television or hear from our relatives in Istanbul,“ he said.

“If you set your sails in the direction of the wind, your ship will sail smoothly and no harm will come of you,” Mr. Ennekave said. “That’s the position our community has taken to remain in this country.”

Spain is rewriting the world history! Other countries should learn from the es biggest Empire in our world history (see also Hugh Thomas).


Full report:  http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/27/world/europe/sephardic-jews-feel-bigotrys-sting-in-turkey-and-a-pull-back-to-spain.html?emc=edit_tnt_20150526&nlid=60983892&tntemail0=y&_r=0

Imagine the USA or Canada would have Gaza as neighbour?

Imagine the USA or Canada would have Gaza as neighbour?


Imagine, the terrorist in Gaza would be next to the USA or Canada and get every day hundreds of gift in from of "missiles", building tunnels, hating the USA/Canada and not recognize the
USA/Canada?

I do not have to mention that in the schools the students grew up with destroy the USA/Canada?


You know the true facts, that the people in that so called Gaza, they do not pay rent for their houses, do not pay electricity or water etc.....

Imagine the European Union, UNO, USA etc. would not give them hundred of millions Dollars every year......


You know that Arafat was billionaire?His wife has not given around 2 Billion back the people?

The political leaders in Gaza are all millionaires!

Something is maybe wrong.

People need something to do and to believe to make it better than maybe the neighbors.....


What a vision of life is this? 

Negative or positive?

New Spanish Law Offers Citizenship For Those With These Last Names - Noticias - SanDiegoRed

New Spanish Law Offers Citizenship For Those With These Last Names - Noticias - SanDiegoRed

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Hincapié, Hinostroza, Horna, Hornedo, Huerta,

Huertas, Huete, Huezo, Hurtado, Hurtecho.

H

90

Ibáñez, Ibarra, Ibarras, Icaza, Iglesias, Ilama,

Incapié, Incer, Incera, Inceras, Inces, Infante,

Iracheta, Iraheta, Irastorza, Irias, Iribar, Irigaray,

Irola, Isaac, Isaacs, Israel, Ivañez, Izaba, Izaguirre,

Izandra, Iznardo, Izquierdo, Izrael, Izurieta.

II

91

Jácamo, Jacobo, Jácome, Jácomo, Jaen,

Jáenz, Jara, Jaramillo, Jarquín, Jarrín, Jerano, Jerez,

Jiménez, Jimera, Jinesta, Jirón, Joseph, Jovel,

Juárez, Junco, Juncos, Jurado.

JJ

92

Kaminsky, Klein, Kuadra.

K

93

La Barca, Labra, Lacarez, Lacayo, Lafuente,

Lago, Lagos, Laguardia, Laguna, Lain, Laine,

Lainez, Laitano, Lamas, Lamela, Lamicq,

Lamugue, Lamuza, Lancho, Lanco, Landazuri,

Lández, Lanuza, Lanza, Lanzas, Lapeira, Laporte,

Laprade, Lara, Lares, Largaespada, Largo, Larios,

Larrabure, Larrad, Larragan, Larragán, Larraguivel, Lasa, Lasantas, Láscares,

Láscarez, Láscaris, Lasso, Lastra, Lastreto, Latiff, Latino, Latorraca, Laurito,

Laverde, Lázaro, Lázarus, Lázcares, Lazo, Lazzo, L’Calleja, Leal, Leandra,

Leandro, Ledezma, Ledo, Leitón, Leiva, Lejarza, Lemmes, Lemos, Lemus,

Lemuz, Leñero, León, Lépiz, Levi, Leytón, Leyva, Lezama, Lezana, Lezcano,

Lhamas, Lieberman, Lima, Linares, Linarte, Lindo, Lines, Líos, Lira, Lizama,

Lizana, Lizano, Lizarme, Llabona, Llach, Llado, Llamazares, Llamosas, Llano,

Lanos, Llanten, Llaurado, Llerena, Llibre, Llinas, Llobet, Llobeth, Llorca,

Llorella, Llorens, Llorente, Llosent, Lloser, Llovera, Llubere, Loáciga,

Loáiciga, Loáisiga, Loaissa, Loaiza, Lobo, Loeb, Loew, Loinaz, Lombardo,

Londoño, Lope,Lopes, Lopera, López, Lopezlage, Loprete, Lora, Loredo, Lorente,

Lorenz, Lorenzana, Lorenzen, Lorenzo, Loría, Lorío, Lorio, Lorz, Losada,

Losilla, Louk, Louzao, Loynaz, Loza, Lozano, Luarca, Lucas, Lucena, Lucero,

Lucke, Lugo, Luis, Luján, Luna, Lunaza, Luque, Luquez.

L

94

Macaya, Macedo, Maceo, Machado, Machín,

Machuca, Macia, Macias, Macías, Macís, Macre,

Macrea, Madariaga, Maderos, Madinagoitia,

Madrano, Madrid, Madriga, Madrigal, Madril,

Madriz, Maduro, Magalhaes, Magallón, Magaña,

Magdalena, Maguiña, Mahomar, Maikut, Maingot,

Mairena, Maisonave, Maita, Majano, Majarres, Malaga, Maldonado, Malé,

Malespín, Malestín, Maltés, Maltez, Malvarez, Manavella, Mancheno, Mancia,

Mancía, Mandas, Mangaña, Mangas, Mangel, Manjarres, Mans, Mansalvo,

Mansilla, Manso, Mantanero, Mantica, Mantilla, Manuel, Manzanal,

Manzanares, Manzano, Manzur, Marabiaga, Maradiaga, Marbes, Marbis,

Marcenaro, March, Marchena, Marcia, Marcías, Marcillo, Marcos, Mardones,

Marenco, Margules, María, Marichal, Marín, Marinero, Marino, Mariñas,

Mariño, Marot, Maroto, Marqués, Marquez, Marreco, Marrero, Marroquín,

Marsell, Marte, Martell, Martén, Martens, Martí, Martin, Martínez, Martins,

Marvez, Mas, Masía, Masís, Maso, Mason, Massuh, Mastache, Mata,

Matamoros, Matarrita, Mate, Mateo, Matera, Mateus, Matías, Matos, Mattus,

Mattuz, Matul, Matus, Matute, Maurel, Maurer, Mauricio, Mauro, Maynard,

Maynaro, Maynart, Mayo, Mayor, Mayorga, Mayorquín, Mayre, Mayrena,

Maza, Mazariegos, Mazas, Mazín, Mazón, Mazuque, Mazure, Medal,

Mederano, Mederas, Medeiros, Medina, Medinilla, Medoza, Medrano, Meira,

Mejía, Mejías, Melara, Meléndez, Melgar, Melgarrejo, Mellado, Melo,

Membreño, Mena, Menayo, Menchaca, Mendea, Méndez, Mendiantuba,

Mendieta, Mendiola, Mendives, Mendivil, Mendoza, Mendreño, Menéndez,

Meneses, Menjibar, Menjivar, Menocal, Meono, Meoño, Merayo, Meraz,

Merazo, Merazzo, Mercado, Mercelina, Mercer, Mergarejo, Mérida, Merino,

Merizalde, Merlo, Mesa, Mesales, Mesalles, Meseguer, Mesén, Messeguer,

M

95

Mestayer, Meszaros, Meza, Michelena, Michelino, Micillo, Miguez, Mijangos,

Mijares, Milanés, Milano, Millet, Mina, Minas, Minero,Miño, Miqueo,

Miraba, Miralles, Mirambell, Miramontes, Miranda, Miro, Mirquez, Mitja,

Mitjavila, Mizrachi, Mojarro, Mojica, Molestina, Molian, Molín, Molina,

Molinero, Molleda, Mollinedo, Mollo, Moncada, Mondol, Mondragón,

Moneda, Moneiro, Monestel, Monga, Mongalo, Móngalo, Monge, Mongillo,

Monguillo, Monjarres, Monjarrez, Monjica, Monserrat, Montagné, Montalbán,

Montalbert, Montalto, Montalván, Montalvo, Montana, Montanaro,

Montandón, Montano, Montealegre, Montealto, Montecino, Montecinos,

Monteil, Montejo, Montenaro, Montenegro, Montero, Monterosa, Monteroza,

Monterrey, Monterrosa, Monterroso, Montes, Monterinos, Monteverde,

Montiel, Montier, Montoya, Monturiol, Mora, Moraes, Moraga, Morales,

Morán, Morazán, Moreira, Morejón, Morena, Moreno, Morera, Moriano,

Morice, Morillo, Morín, Moris, Morise, Moro, Morote, Moroto, Morraz,

Morúa, Morún, Morux, Morvillo, Moscarella, Moscoa, Moscoso, Mosquera,

Motta, Moxi, Moya, Mozquera, Mugica, Muiña, Muir, Mulato, Munera,

Mungía, Munguía, Munive, Munizaga, Muñante, Muñiz, Muñoz, Murcia,

Murgado, Murgas, Murias, Murillo, Murilo, Muro, Mussap, Mussapp, Mussio,

Mustelier, Muxo.

96

Naim, Naira, Nájar,Nájares, Najarro, Nájera,

Nájeres, Naranjo, Narvaes, Narváez, Nasralah,

Nasso, Navaro, Navarrete, Navarrette, Navarro,

Navas, Nayap, Nazario, Nema, Nemar, Neyra,

Nieto, Nino, Niño, Noble, Noboa, Noel, Nogebro,

Noguera, Nomberto, Nora, Noriega, Norza, Nova,

Novales, Novo, Novoa, Nuevo, Nuez, Nunga, Núñez.

N

97

Obaldía, Obanbo, Obando, Obares, Obellón,

Obon, Obrego, Obregón, Ocampo, Ocampos,

Ocaña, Ocaño, Ocario, Ochoa, Ocón, Oconitrillo,

Ode, Odio, Odir, Odóñez, Odor, Oduber, Oguilve,

Ojeda, Okarlo, Okendo, Olarte, Olaso, Olaverri,

Olazaba, Olguín, Oliva, Olivar, Olivares, Olivárez,

Olivas, Oliver, Olivera, Oliverio, Olivier, Oliviera, Olivo, Oller, Olmeda,

Olmedo, Olmo, Olmos, Omacell, Omodeo, Ondoy, Onetto, Oñate, Oñoro,

Oporta, Oporto, Oquendo, Ora, Orama, Oramas, Orantes, Ordeñana, Ordoñes,

Ordóñez, Orduz, Oreamuno, Oreas, Oreiro, Orella, Orellana, Orfila, Orias,

Orios, Orjas, Orjuela, Orlich, Ormasis, Ormeño, Orna, Ornes, Orochena,

Orocu, Orosco, Orozco, Ortega, Ortegón, Ortiz, Ortuño, Orve, Osante, Oseda,

Osegueda, Osejo, Osequeda, Oses, Osorio, Osorno, Ospina, Ospino, Ossa,

Otalvaro, Otárola, Otero, Oto, Otoya, Ovares, Ovarez, Oviedo, Ozerio, Ozores,

Ozuno.

O

98

Pabón, Pacheco, Paco, Padilla, Páez,

Paguaga, País, Países, Paiz, Pajuelo, Palacino,

Palacio, Palacios, Palaco, Paladino, Palazuelos,

Palencia, Palma, Palomar, Palomino, Palomo,

Pamares, Pampillo, Pana, Pandolfo, Paniagua,

Pantigoso, Pantoja, Paña, Papez, Parada, Parado,

Parajeles, Parajón, Páramo, Pardo, Paredes, Pareja, Pares, París, Parra,

Parrales, Parreaguirre, Parriles, Parrilla, Pasamontes, Pasapera, Pasos,

Passapera, Pastor, Pastora, Pastrán, Pastrana, Pastrano, Patiño, Patricio, Paut,

Pauth, Pavez, Pavón, Paz, Pazmiño, Pazos, Pedraza, Pedreira, Pedreiro,

Pedroza, Peinador, Peinano, Peláez, Pellas, Pellecer, Pena, Penabad, Penado,

Pendones, Penón, Penso, Peña, Peñaloza, Peñaranda, Peñas, Peñate, Penzo,

Peñón, Peraldo, Perales, Peralta, Peraza, Perdomo, Perea, Perearnau, Pereira,

Pereiras, Perera, Pereyra, Pérez, Perezache, Pergo, Pericón, Perla, Perlaza,

Pessoa, Peynado, Peytrequín, Pezo, Picado, Picasso, Picavea, Pichardo, Pico,

Picón, Piedra, Piedrafita, Pila, Pilarte, Pimente, Pina, Pinada, Pinagel, Pinagen,

Pinar, Pincai, Pincay, Pinchinat, Pineda, Pinel, Pinell, Piney, Pinillos, Pinkay,

Pino, Pintado, Pinto, Pinzas, Piña, Piñar, Piñate, Piñeiro, Piñeres, Pinzón, Pío,

Pion, Piovano, Piovet, Pitalva, Piza, Pizarro, Pla, Plá, Placeres, Pláceres,

Plácido, Placidón, Plaja, Platero, Poblador, Poblete, Pocasangre, Pochet,

Podoy, Pokoy, Pol, Polamo, Polo, Polonio, Poma, Pomar, Pomareda, Pomares,

Ponares, Ponce, Pontigo, Pool, Porat, Porquet, Porras, Porta, Portela,

Porter,Portero, Portilla, Portillo, Portobanco, Portocarrera, Portugués,

Portuguez, Posada, Posla, Poveda, Povedano, Pozo, Pozos, Pozuelo, Prada,

Pradella, Pradilla, Prado, Prat, Pratt, Pravia, Prendas, Prendis, Pretiz, Prettel,

Prieto, Prietto, Primante, Prior, Prioto, Privatt, Procupez, Puente, Puentes,

Puertas, Puga, Puig, Pujo, Pujol, Pulido, Pulis, Pull, Pulles, Pupo, Purcallas.

P

99

Quedo, Queralt, Queredo, Querra, Quesada,

Quevedo, Quezada, Quiel, Quijada, Quijano,

Quinaz, Quinde, Quino, Quintana, Quintanilla,

Quinter, Quintero, Quinto, Quiñones, Quiñónez,

Quirce, Quiroga, Quirós, Quiroz.

Q

100

Raa, Raabe, Raba, Rabetta, Raga, Raigada,

Raigosa, Ramírez, Ramón, Ramos, Randel,

Randuro, Rangel, Raphael, Rauda, Raudes, Raudez,

Raventos, Raventós, Raygada, Rayo, Rayos, Real,

Reales, Reazco, Recinos, Recio, Redondo, Regaño,

Regidor, Regueira, Regueyra, Reich, Reina,

Renderos, Rendón, Reñazco, Repeto, Repetto, Requene, Requeno, Requeño,

Rescia, Resenterra, Restrepo, Retana, Reuben, Revelo, Revilla, Revollar,

Revollo, Rey, Reyes, Reyna, Riba, Ribas, Ribera, Ribero, Ricardo, Ricaurte,

Riera, Rileva, Rincón, Río, Ríos, Riotte, Rivalta, Rivardo, Rivas, Rivel,

Rivera, Rivero, Riverón, Riveros, Rizo, Roa, Roba, Robelo, Roble, Robles,

Robleto, Roboz, Roca, Rocabado, Rocca, Roch, Rocha, Roda, Rodas,

Rodesma, Rodesno, Rodezno, Rodó, Rodo, Rodrigo, Rodríguez, Roe, Roig,

Rois, Rojas, Rojo, Roldán, Romagosa, Román, Romano, Romero, Roque,

Rosa, Rosabal, Rosales, Rosas, Rouillón, Rovillón, Rovira, Roviralta, Roy,

Royo, Roys, Rozados, Rozo, Ruano, Rubí, Rubia, Rubín, Rubino, Rubio,

Rucavado, Rudín, Rueda, Rugama, Rugeles, Ruh, Ruilova, Ruin, Ruiz,

Romoroso, Russo.

R

101

Saavedra, Saba, Sabah, Saballo, Saballos,

Sabat, Sabate, Sabba, Sabín, Sabogal, Saborío,

Saboz, Sacasa, Sacida, Sada, Sadaña, Sáenz, Saer,

Saerron, Sáez, Safiano, Sage, Sagel, Sagot,

Sagreda, Saguero, Sala, Salablanca, Salamanca,

Salas, Salazar, Salbavarro, Salcedo, Salcino,

Saldaña, Saldivar, Salgada, Salgado, Salguera, Salguero, Saliba, Salinas,

Salmerón, Salmón, Salom, Salomón, Salumé, Salume, Salustro, Salvado,

Salvatierra, Salvo, Samaniego, Sambrana, Samper, Samudio, Samuel, San Gil,

San José, San Juan, San Martín, San Román, San Silvestre, Sanabria,

Sanahuja, Saname, Sanamucia, Sanarrusia, Sánchez, Sancho, Sandí, Sandigo,

Sandino, Sandoval, Sandria, Sandy, Sanga, Sangil, Sanjines, Sanjuan,

Sansebastián, Sansilvestre, Sanson, Sansores, Santa Ana, Santa Cruz, Santa

María, Santacruz, Santamaría, Santana, Santander, Santiago, Santibanes,

Santiesteban, Santillán, Santín, Santisteban, Santoanastacio, Santos,

Sanvicente, Sanz, Saraiva, Saravanja, Saravia, Sardinas, Sardiñas, Sariego,

Sarmiento, Sárraga, Sarratea, Sarraulte, Sarria, Sas, Sasso, Satjo, Sauceda,

Saucedo, Sauza, Savala, Savallos, Savedra, Savinón, Saxón, Sayaguez, Scriba,

Seas, Seballos, Secades, Secaida, Seco, Sedano, Sedo, Segares, Segovia,

Segreda, Segura, Sehezar, Selaya, Selles, Selva, Selvas, Semerawno,

Semeraro, Sepúlveda, Sequeira, Sermeño, Serra, Serracín, Serrano, Serrato,

Serraulte, Serru, Serrut, Servellón, Sevilla, Sevillano, Sibaja, Sierra, Sieza,

Sigüenza, Siguenza, Siles, Siliezar, Silva, Silvera, Silvia, Simana, Simón,

Sinchico, Sio, Sion, Siri, Sirias, Siverio, , Siz, Sobalvarro, Sobrado, Sojo, Sol,

Solana, Solano, Solar, Solares, Solarte, Soldevilla, Solé, Solemne, Soler,

Solera, Soley, Solís, Soliz, Solno, Solo, Solórzano, Soltero, Somarriba,

Somarribas, Somoza, Soria, Sorio, Soro, Sorto, Sosa, Sossa, Sosto, Sotela,

S

102

Sotelo, Sotillo, Soto, Sotomayor, Sotres, Souto, Soutullo, Sovalbarro, Soza,

Suárez, Suazao, Suazo, Subia, Subiros, Subirós, Subisos, Succar, Sueiras,

Suñer, Suñol, Surroca, Suyapa, Suzarte.

103

Tabah, Tabares, Tablada, Tabor, Tabora,

Taborda, Taco, Tagarita, Tagarró, Tal, Talavera,

Taleno, Tamara, Tamargo, Tamayo, Tames,

Tanchez, Tanco, Tapia, Tapias, Taracena,

Tardencilla, Tarjan, Tarrillo, Tasara, Tate, Tato,

Tavares, Tedesco, Teherán, Teijeiro, Teixido,

Tejada, Tejeda, Tejos, Tellería, Telles, Téllez, Tello, Tellos, Tencio, Tenorio,

Terán, Tercero, Terrade, Terrientes, Terrin, Terrín, Thames, Theran, Thiel,

Thiele, Thuel, Tíjeres, Tijerino, Tinoco, Toala, Tobal, Tobar, Tobe, Tobella,

Tobín, Tobón, Toledo, Toletino, Tomas, Tomás, Tomeu, Toribio, Torijano,

Tormo, Toro, Torralba, Torre, Torrealba, Torregresa, Torregroza, Torrente,

Torrentes, Torres, Tórrez, Tortós, Tortosa, Toruño, Tosso, Touma, Toval,

Tovar, Trala, Traña, Traures, Travierzo, Travieso, Trediño, Treguear, Trejos,

Treminio, Treviño, Triana, Trigo, Triguel, Triguero, Trigueros, Trilite,

Trimarco, Trimiño, Triquell, Tristán, Triunfo, Troche, Trocanis, Troncoso,

Troya, Troyo, Troz, Trueba, Truffat, Trujillo, Trullas, Trullás, Truque, Tula,

Turcio, Turcios.

T

104

Ubach, Ubao, Ubeda, Ubico, Ubilla, Ubisco,

Ubizco, Ucanan, Ucañan, Ugalde, Ugarte, Ujueta,

Ulacia, Ulate, Ulcigrai, Ulcigral, Ulecia, Uley,

Ulibarri, Ulloa, Umaña, Umanzor, Ungar, Urain,

Uralde, Urbano, Urbina, Urcuyo, Urdangarin, Urea,

Urela, Ureña, Urgellés, Uriarte, Uribe, Uriel,

Urieta, Uriza, Uroz, Urquiaga, Urra, Urraca, Urrea, Urroz, Urruela, Urrutia,

Urtecho, Urunuela, Urzola, Usaga, Useda, Uva, Uveda, Uzaga, Uzcategui.

U

105

Vadivia, Vado, Valdelomar, Valderama,

Valderrama, Valderramo, Valderramos, Valdés,

Valdescastillo, Valdez, Valdiva, Valdivia,

Valdivieso, Valencia, Valenciano, Valentín,

Valenzuela, Valera, Valerín, Valerio, Vales,

Valiente, Valladares, Vallarino, Vallcaneras,

Valldeperas, Valle, Vallecillo, Vallecillos, Vallejo, Vallejos, Valles, Vallez,

Valls, Vals, Valverde, Vanegas, Vaquerano, Vardesia, Varela, Varga, Vargas,

Vargo, Varsi, Varsot, Vartanian, Varth, Vasco, Vasconcelos, Vasílica,

Vásquez, Vassell, Vaz, Veas, Vedoba, Vedova, Vedoya, Vega, Vegas, Vela,

Velarde, Velasco, Velásquez, Velazco, Velázquez, Vélez, Veliz, Venegas,

Ventura, Vera, Verardo, Verastagui, Verdesia, Verdesoto, Vergara, Verguizas,

Vertiz, Verzola, Vesco, Viales, Viana, Viatela, Vicario, Vicente, Vico, Víctor,

Victores, Victoria, Vidaechea, Vidal, Vidales, Vidalón, Vidaorreta, Vidaurre,

Videche, Vieira, Vieto, Vigil, Vigot, Vila, Vilaboa, Vilallobos, Vilanova,

Vilaplana, Villar, Villareal, Villarebia, Villareiva, Villarreal, Villarroel, Villas,

Villaseñor, Villasuso,Villatoro, Villaverde, Villavicencio, Villeda, Villegas,

Villejas, Villena, Viloria, Vindas, Vindel, Vinueza, Viñas, Víquez, Viscaino,

Viso, Vivallo, Vivas, Vivero, Vives, Vívez, Vivies, Vivó, Vizcaíno, Vizcayno.

V

106

Wainberg, Wolf.

W

107

Xatruch, Xirinachs, Xiques.

X

108

Yaacobi, Yanarella, Yanayaco, Yanes,

Yepez, Yglesias, Yllanes, Yurica, Yzaguirre.

Y

109

Zabala, Zabaleta, Zabate, Zablah, Zacarías,

Zacasa, Zalazar, Zaldivar, Zallas, Zambrana,

Zambrano, Zamora, Zamorano, Zamudio, Zamuria,

Zapata, Zaragoza, Zárate, Zarco, Zaror, Zarzosa,

Zavala, Zavaleta, Zayas, Zayat, Zecca, Zedan,

Zegarra, Zelada, Zelaya, Zeledón, Zepeda, Zetina,

Zonta, Zoratte, Zuleta, Zumba, Zumbado, Zúñiga, Zunzunegui.


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April 15, 1943

The Partition Plan - 65 years later

 

The Partition Plan - 65 years later 29 Nov 2012 On November 29, 1947 the UN General Assembly voted on the partition plan, and  UNGA Resolution 181 was adopted by a vote of 33 to 13.       Session of the UN General Assembly in New York, November 29, 1947 (GPO archive photo) History of the Resolution Listen to UN vote In February 1947, Great Britain, which had controlled the mandatory territory since 1917, decided to turn the issue of the Palestinian Mandate over to the United Nations. The UN established a Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP), which recommended the establishment of two states - Arab and Jewish - in the area and Jerusalem as an international enclave. The Jewish population - while dissatisfied with the small size of the territory allotted to their state in contradiction to the promises made by the League of Nations in 1922, as well as the plan to sever Jerusalem from the state by internationalizing it - accepted the compromise. In sharp contrast, the Arab states and the Arab residents of the Mandatory territory rejected UNSCOP’s recommendations out of hand. The UN General Assembly held a vote on the partition plan and on 29 November 1947 UNGA Resolution 181 was adopted by 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions.  The Post-Resolution 181 Era The Arab rejection of the partition plan was not confined to a political act. The Arabs of the Mandate territory launched a large-scale terrorist campaign against their Jewish neighbors. This was followed by the invasion of Israel by five Arab armies who wanted to destroy Israel when it proclaimed its independence on 14 May 1948. The Jewish population defended itself against the Arabs' declared plans to "throw the Jews into the sea" but at a heavy cost of 1% of their total population and great damage to the new state. The Arab population of the Mandate territory also suffered as a result of their refusal to accept the partition plan. Many heeded their leaders' calls to flee, others left after being caught up in the fighting. The large numbers who stayed in Israel became full citizens, with equal rights. Nevertheless, the Palestinian refugee problem had been created. It was to be kept alive artificially by the Arab and Palestinian leadership till the present day, while the comparable Jewish refugee problem was resolved by the nascent state of Israel. At war's end, Egypt had control of the Gaza Strip and Jordan annexed the West Bank. Neither saw fit to establish a Palestinian state in the territory they were to control for 19 years. While UNGA Resolution 181 expressed the will of the international community for the establishment of a Jewish state, Israel still had to meet all the requirements of UN membership to be accepted into the organization. After Security Council approval, Israel took its seat as the 59th member of the United Nations on 11 May 1949. The Relevance of Resolution 181 The General Assembly resolution had three primary elements that retain their relevance till today: • Resolution 181 constituted recognition by the international community that the Jewish people deserve their own state, a Jewish state, in their historical homeland. • The resolution called for the establishment of two states for two peoples - Jewish and Arab - between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, each fulfilling the national aspirations of its respective populations. That formula remains Israel's position with regards to peace negotiations. However, the Arabs of the British mandate territory refused to accept a state because it meant compromising. Today the Palestinians continue to refuse to compromise to achieve a state. Then as now, a Palestinian state will not be established without the willingness to compromise and negotiate. • The refusal by the Arab population of the mandate territory to accept resolution 181 demonstrated that they were not interested in establishing their own state if it meant allowing the existence of a Jewish state. This opposition to acknowledging the right of a Jewish state to exist in the Middle East lies at the core of the conflict. Even today, the Palestinian leadership rejects calls to recognize Israel as the Jewish state, a refusal that will prevent any resolution to the conflict. If the Palestinians had chosen the path of compromise in 1947, the suffering on both sides could have been prevented. It is not too late to return to direct negotiations, which can bring about a better future for the two peoples. Modern reenactment of the event On November 29, 2011, for the first time in Israel's history, the day on which the UN General Assembly passed the resolution in favor of the establishment of the Jewish state was reenacted. Initiated by the World Zionist Organization, the reenaction took place in the plaza of the National Institutions Building - which was then the Knesset. Thousands took part in the mass celebrations, dancing and rejoicing to the sound of the recording of the UN resolution exactly as it happened 64 years ago. Celebrations in Tel Aviv, Nov 29, 1947 (GPO archive photo) Historical figures, including former prime ministers David Ben Gurion and Golda Meir, who were part of the original celebrations, were played by actors who greeted those gathered from the historic balcony, with actors portraying the then chief rabbis of Israel at their sides. Israelis wave flags during reenactment of the celebrations on Nov 29, 1947 after the passing of the UN resolution leading to the establishment of Israel (Photo: Reuters) Two Citroen limousines, which carried the celebrities, as well as a British army jeep from this period were found and were installed at the plaza.  A news boy distributed newspapers, printed especially for this occasion, in the spirit of those times. In addition, street musicians and dance troupes led hora dancing circles and folk dancing.

Operation Pillar of Defense - Ceasefire 21-Nov-2012

PM Netanyahu: Operation Pillar of Defense - Ceasefire 21-Nov-2012
 MFA newsletter

	PM Netanyahu: Operation Pillar of Defense - Ceasefire 21 Nov 2012 In a phone call I had this evening with President Obama, I agreed with him that we should give the ceasefire a chance in order to enable a lull in the situation and allow for the citizens of Israel to return to routine.       Photo: GPO Egyptian FM Mohamed Kamel Amr in joint news conference with US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced a ceasefire to come into effect at 9 pm on Tuesday, November 21. PM Netanyahu spoke with US President Barack Obama and acceded to his recommendation to give the Egyptian ceasefire proposal a chance and thereby give an opportunity to stabilize and calm the situation before there is a need to use greater force. The Prime Minister expressed his deep appreciation to the President for his support of Israel during the operation and for his contribution to the Iron Dome system. The Prime Minister reiterated that Israel would take all necessary steps to defend its citizens. PM Netanyahu's Statement at November 21 Press Conference with Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Defense  - Operation Pillar of Defense - Ceasefire "Citizens of Israel, Eight days ago, Israel embarked on operation Pillar of Defense. The Government decided to launch the operation after the frequency of the terror attacks originating from Gaza increased over the last few months. I announced that we would respond forcibly to these attacks when we see fit. I said that we would exact a heavy price from the terror organizations. The terror organizations assumed that we would avoid offensive action against them; they were wrong. We hit their senior commanders, we destroyed thousands of rockets which were aimed towards the South and most of those aimed towards central Israel, and we crushed Hamas' control facilities. I must say that we did this with the strong support of the leading authorities of the international community. In particular, I wish to thank President Obama for his resolute support for Israel's actions, for this operation and for Israel's right to defend itself. I also thank him for supporting the Iron Dome systems. I thank Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, and express my gratitude to the Egyptians for their efforts in achieving this ceasefire. In a phone call I had this evening with President Obama, I agreed with him that we should give the cease-fire a chance in order to enable a lull in the situation and allow for the citizens of Israel to return to routine. However, Israel obviously cannot sit idly while our enemy reinforces itself with weapons of terror. Therefore we decided, President Obama and myself, that the United States and Israel would work together to fight the smuggling of weapons to the terror organizations - weapons, virtually all of which come from Iran. From the day the State of Israel was established, it has had to deal with complex challenges in the Middle East, and we can all see that these challenges have become even more complex in the last few years. Under these conditions we are required to navigate this ship, the State of Israel, wisely and responsibly while taking into account all considerations - military and political alike. This is what a responsible government does, and it is what we did here: we made use of our military might while applying political considerations. Now, I realize that there are citizens who expect a harsher military action and we may very well need to do that. But at present, the right thing for the State of Israel is to exhaust this possibility of reaching a long-term ceasefire. As Prime Minister, I have the responsibility, and it is the highest responsibility, to make the right steps to ensure our security. That is what I have done and it is what I will continue to do. During the last week, Israel has lost several victims. On behalf of the entire population, I send condolences to the families, and wish the wounded a speedy recovery. I would like to thank my colleagues, Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Foreign Minister Avigdor Liberman. We worked together as a team, in full agreement. I also thank the Nine-Member Ministerial Forum, the Cabinet and the Government, for working - each in its field of responsibility - for the citizens of Israel. I also appreciate the factions of the Opposition and the factions in Knesset for standing with us and proclaiming their support. I thank the Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Benny Gantz, the Chief of Shin Bet, Yoram Cohen, the Director of the Mossad, Tamir Pardo, and all of their people for their exceptional efforts in reaching our accomplishments in Pillar of Defense. On behalf of the people of Israel, I thank the IDF commanders and soldiers, the pilots, the Iron Dome operators and developers, the members of the intelligence services, all the members of the security services and to the reservists, who left their families and immediately signed up for duty. I appreciate the mayors and heads of regional councils for displaying leadership and level-headedness at the Home Front, and above all - I salute you, the citizens of Israel. We have a strong army; we have a strong people. I am proud to by your Prime Minister."